Articles - The Carl Sagan Portal

“The Evolution of Interstellar Flight” as envisioned by a kid in Brooklyn in the mid-1940s: Carl Sagan’s prophetic dream of the future exploration of the galaxy

– Ann Druyan, COSMOS: Possible Worlds

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50th re-dedication of the Eternal Light Peace Memorial

Scientific Papers

1957

Radiation and the Origin of the Gene, Evolution ll, 40-45.

1960

The Origin of Nitrogen Ionization in the Upper Atmosphere (with J. W. Chamberlain), Planet. Space Sci. 2., 157.
Indigenous Organic Matter on the Moon, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., U.S. 46, 393-396.
Biological Contamination of the Moon, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., U.S. 46, 396-402; abstract in Science.
The Radiation Balance of Venus, California Institute of Tech., Jet Propulsion Laboratory Technical Report 32-34, September 15; abstract in Astron . .I. 65, 352.
Molecular Synthesis in Simulated Reducing Planetary Atmospheres (with S. L. Miller), Astron . .I. 65, 499 (abstract). 6. The Production of Organic Molecules in Planetary Atmospheres, Astron. ,I. 65, 499 (abstract).

1961

The Planet Venus, Science 133, 849-858. Excerpted in Terraforming: Engineering Planetary Environments, by Martyn J. Fogg (Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers), 1995, 348-350. 31
Organic Matter and the Moon, Nat. Acad. of Sciences/Nat. Res. Council Publication 757, 49pp.
On the Origin of the Venus Microwave Emission (with K. M. Siegel and D. E. Jones), Astron. ,I. 66, 52 (abstract).
Microwave Radiation Transfer in the Atmosphere and Clouds of Venus (with L. Giver), NASA Grant NSG-126-61 Report; presented at the American Geophysical Union Symposium on Radio Emission and Thermal Structure of the Venus Atmosphere.
On the Origin and Planetary Distribution of Life, Radiation Research .12, 174-192. Reprinted in Extraterrestrial Life: An Anthology and Bibliography, E. A. Shneour and E. A. Ottesen, eds., Nat. Acad. of Sciences/Nat. Res. Council Publication 1296A, Washington, DC, 1966, 253.
Problems Relevant to Organic Matter and Life in Meteorites, Proc. Lunar and Planetary Exploration Colloquium 2 (4), 49.
The Abundance of Water Vapor on Mars, Astron. ,I. 66, 52 (abstract).

1962

Structure of the Lower Atmosphere of Venus, Icarus l, 151-169; abstract in Astron.J. 67, 281.
Microenvironments for Life on Mars (with J. Lederberg), Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., U.S. 48, 1473-1475.
Is the Martian Blue Haze Produced by Solar Protons? Icarus l, 70-74.
The Physical Environment of Venus: Models and Prospects, in Space Age Astronomy: Report of the International Symposium, W. B. Klemperer and A. Deutsch, eds. (New York: Academic Press), Chapter 17.6, 430-441.
Appendix to “Lifelike Forms in Meteorites,” by H. C. Urey, Science 137, 623.

1963

The Terrestrial Planets (with W. W. Kellogg), Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys.l, 235-266.
Formation of Adenosine by Ultraviolet Irradiation of a Solution of Adenine and Ribose (with C. Ponnamperuma and R. Mariner), Nature 198, 1199-1200.
Synthesis of Adenosine Triphosphate Under Possible Primitive Earth Conditions (with C. Ponnamperuma and R. Mariner), Smithsonian Astrophys. ~.Spec. Rept. 128; Nature 199, 222-226.
Direct Contact Among Galactic Civilizations by Relativistic Interstellar Spaceflight, Planet. Space Sci.ll, 485-498. Excerpted in The Coming ofthe Space Age, Arthur C. Clarke, ed. (New York: Meredith Press), 1967.
On the Nature of the Jovian Red Spot, in “La Physique des Planetes,” Proc. XI Intemat. Astrophys. Colloquium, Inst. d’Astrophys., Liege, Belgium, 506-515.
Biological Contamination of Mars: IT. Cold and Aridity as Constraints on the Survival of Terrestrial Microorganisms in Simulated Martian Environments (with E. Packer and S. Scher), Icarus 2. 293-316.
Microwave Properties of the Atmosphere and Cloud Layer of Venus, in Electromagnetic Theory and Antennas, E. C. Jordan, ed. (London: Pergamon Press), 2, 771 (summary).
Biological Exploration of Mars, Adv. Astronaut. Sci. _li, 571.
On the Atmosphere and Clouds of Venus, in “La Physique des Planetes,” Proc. XI Intemat. Astrophys. Colloquium, Inst. d’ Astrophys., Liege, Belgium, 328-330.
Prospects for Lunar Organic Matter, Proc. Conference Lunar Exploration, Bull. Virginia Polytechnic Inst. 56.

1964

Biological Contamination of Mars: I. Survival of Terrestrial Microorganisms in Simulated Martian Environments (with S. Scher and E. Packer), in Life Sciences and Space Research II, M. Florkin and A. Dollfus, eds. (Amsterdam: North-Holland), 352-356.
The Atmosphere of Venus, in The Origin and Evolution of Atmospheres and Oceans, P. J. Brancazio and A. G. W. Cameron, eds. (New York: John Wiley), 279-288.
Exobiology: A Critical Review, in Life Sciences and Space Research II, M. Florkin and A. Dollfus, eds. (Amsterdam: North Holland), 35-53.
Evidence Relevant to Life on Mars, in Conc~ts for Detection of Extraterrestrial Life, F. H. Quimby, ed., NASA Special Publication SP-56, 7 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office).

1965

Polarization of Thermal Emission from Venus (with J. B. Pollack), Astrophys. J, 141, 1161-1183; abstract in Astron . .I. 70, 146.
Is the Early Evolution of Life Related to the Development of the Earth’s Core? Nature 206,448.
Total Reflection Spectrophotometry and Thermogravimetric Analysis of Simulated Martian Surface Materials (with J.P. Phaneuf and M. Ihnat), Icarus~. 43-61.
Primordial Ultraviolet Synthesis of Nucleoside Phosphates, in The Origin of Prebiological Systems, S. W. Fox, ed. (New York: Academic Press), 207-219.
The Infrared Limb-Darkening of Venus (with J. B. Pollack), .I. Geophys. Res. 70,4403-4426; abstract in Astron. J.. 69, 557, 1964.
Spacecraft Sterilization Standards and Contamination of Mars (with S. Coleman), Astronaut. and Aeronaut. 3. (5), 22-27.
Nitrogen Oxides on Mars (with P. L. Hanst and A. T. Young), Planet. Space Sci. U, 73-88; abstract in Astron . .I. 69, 1964, 557.
The Microwave Phase Effect of Venus (with J. B. Pollack), Icarus~. 62-103.
Martian Landing Sites for the Voyager Mission (with P.R. Swan), J: Spacecraft and Rockets 2, 18-25.
An Analysis of Microwave Observations of Venus {with J. B. Pollack), J: Res. of the Nat. Bureau of Standards, Section D. Radio Science, 69D, 583-584.
Spacecraft Observations of Venus Infrared Limb-Darkening (with J. B. Pollack), in “Astronomical Observations from Space Vehicles,” Proc. I.A.U. Symposium 23, J. L. Steinberg, ed. (Liege, Belgium), 279; Ann. d’ Astrophys. 28, 229-233.
Further Remarks on Martian N02 (with P. L. Hanst and A. T. Young), Planet. Space Sci . u, 1003.
The NASA International Conference on Remote Investigations of Martian Biology, in Life Sciences and Space Research Til, M. Florkin, ed. (Amsterdam: North-Holland) (abstract).

1966

Radar Doppler Spectroscopy of Mars: I. Elevation Differences (with J. B. Pollack and R. M. Goldstein), Smithsonian Astrophys. Obs. Spec. Rept. 221; Astron. , I. 72, 1967, 20-34.
A Search for Life on Earth at Kilometer Resolution (with S. D. Kilston and R. R. Drummond), Icarus~. 79-98. Reprinted in The Physics Reader (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Project Physics), 1966 and many other editions.
Infrared Detectability of Dyson Civilizations (with R. G. Walker), Astrophys. ,I. 144, 1216-1218.
The Photometric Properties ofMercury, Astrophys. J:. 144, 1218-1221.
The Ionospheric Model of the Venus Microwave Emission: An Obituary (with R. G.Walker), Icarus~. 105-123.
The Solar System as an Abode of Life, in Biology and the Exploration of Mars, C. S. Pittendrigh, W. Vishniac, and J.P. T. Pearman, eds. (Washington: National Academy of Sciences), Chapter 3.
Remote Detection of Terrestrial Life (with others), in Biology and the Exploration of Mars, C. S. Pittendrigh, W. Vishniac, and J. P. T. Pearman, eds. (Washington: National Academy of Sciences), Chapter 9.
A Model of Martian Ecology (with W. Vishniac et al.), ibid, Chapter 11.
Exotic Biochemistries in Exobiology (with G. C. Pimentel et al.), ibid, Chapter 12.
Higher Organisms on Mars, ibid, Chapter 13.
Potential Yields of Biological Relevance from Remote Observations of Mars, ibid, Chapter 15.
Launch Opportunities and Seasonal Activity on Mars (with J. W. Haughey), ibid, Chapter 16.
Decontamination Standards for Martian Exploration Programs (with S. Coleman), ibid, Chapter 28.
On the Nature of the Canals of Mars (with J. B. Pollack), Nature 212, 117-121.
Mariner IV Observations and the Possibility of Iron Oxides on the Martian Surface, Icarus~. 103-105.
On Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere of Jupiter, Trans. Intemat. Astron. U. XIIB (1964), 215.
Radio Evidence on the Structure and Composition of the Martian Surface (with J. B. Pollack); abstract in .I. Res. of Nat. Bureau of Standards, Section D. Radio Science, 69D, 629 (1965); Proc. Caltech-Lunar and Planetary Conf., H. Brown et al., eds., 255.
Remarks on the Lunar Surface, in The Nature of the Lunar Surface, W. N. Hess, D. H. Menzel, and J. A. O’Keefe, eds. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press), 284-312 inter alia.
On the Nature of the Clouds and the Origin of the Surface Temperature of Venus (with J.B. Pollack), Astron . .I. 71, 178 (abstract); in Moon and Planets, A. Dollfus, ed. (Amsterdam: North Holland), 1967.
Elevation Differences on Mars (with J. B. Pollack), Smithsonian Astrophys. Obs. Spec.
High Resolution Planetary Photography and the Detection of Life, Proc. Caltech-JPL Lunar and Planetary Conf., H. Brown et al., eds., 279-287.
Properties of the Clouds of Venus (with J. B. Pollack), Proc. Caltech-JPL Lunar and Planetary Conf., H. Brown et al., eds., 155-163.
Meteorological Experiments for Manned Earth Orbiting Missions (with G. Ohring et al.), Geophys. Corp. of America Technical Report 66-10-N.
An Inorganic Model ofMartian Phenomena (with J. B. Pollack), Astron. ,I. 71, 179 (abstract); Life Sciences and Space Research V, A. H. Brown and F. G. Favorite, eds. (Amsterdam: North Holland), 1967.

1967

Anisotropic Nonconservative Scattering and the Clouds ofVenus (with J. B. Pollack), I. Geophys. Res. 72, 469-477.
An Estimate of the Venus Surface Temperature Independent ofPassive Microwave Radiometry, Astrophys. ,I. 149, 731-733; erratum in Astrophys. J. 152, 1119, 1968.
The Microwave Phase Effect ofMercury (with D. Morrison), Astrophys. J. 150, 1105- 1110.
An Analysis of the Mariner 2 Microwave Observations ofVenus (with J. B. Pollack), Astrophys. ,I. 150, 327-344.
Thermodynamic Equilibria in Planetary Atmospheres (with E. R. Lippincott, M. 0. Dayhoff, R. Eck), Astrophys. J. 147,753-764. Reprinted in NASA Special Publication SP-3040 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office).
A Critical Test of the Electrical Discharge Model of the Venus Microwave Emission (with J. B. Pollack), Astrophys. ,I. 150, 699-706.
Venus: Atmospheric Evolution (with M. 0. Dayhoff, E. R. Lippincott, R. Eck), Science 155, 556-558.
Organic Molecules and the Coloration of Jupiter (with M. 0. Dayhoff, E. R. Lippincott, R. Eck), Nature 213, 273-274. Reprinted in Priroda (9) (Moscow), 1967, 73.
Martian Ionosphere: A Component Due to Solar Protons (with J. Veverka), Science 158, 110-112.
Life in the Clouds of Venus? (with H. Morowitz), Nature 215, 1259-1260. (2020 UPDATE)
Life on the Surface ofVenus? Nature 216, 1198-1199
A Statistical Analysis of the Martian Wave of Darkening and Related Phenomena (with E. Greenberg and J. B. Pollack), Planet. and Space Sci . .li, 817-824.
Secular Changes and Dark Area Regeneration on Mars (with J. B. Pollack), Icarus .Q, 434- 439.
Exobiology, in Draft Re.port, Commission 16, International Astronomical Union, XIII General Assembly, 324-329.
An Analysis of Martian Photometry and Polarimetry (with J. B. Pollack), Smithsonian Astrophys. ~.Spec. Re.pl. 258.
A Windblown Dust Model of Martian Surface Features and Seasonal Changes (with J. B. Pollack), Smithsonian Astrophys. Obs. Spec. Re.pt. 255, 1967; abstract in Astron. ,I. 78, 1968, 533.
The Biological Exploration of Mars-A Plan for the First Three Missions (with N.H. Horowitz and others), Jet Propulsion Laboratory General Technical Document GTD-900-44, August 15, 1967; Engineering Planning Document EPD-493, March 30, 1967.
Postscript: The Stars, in Proc. IV Goddard Memorial Symposium, American Astronautical Soc. Science and Technology Series, E. B. Konecci, M. W. Hunter II, R. F. Trapp, eds., 10, 259-260.

1968

Elevation Differences on Mars (with J. B. Pollack), J.. Geophys. Res. 73, 1373-1387.
Jovian Atmosphere: Near-Ultraviolet Absorption Features, Science 159, 448-449.
Origins of the Atmospheres of the Earth and Planets, in International Dictionary of Geophysics, S. K. Runcorn, editor-in-chief, H. C. Urey, section editor (London: Pergamon Press), 2049-2063.
Contamination ofMars (with J. Lederberg and E. C. Levinthal), Science 159, 1191-1196.
The Case for Ice Clouds on Venus (with J. B. Pollack), I. Geophys. Res. 73, 5943-5949.
OH Emission Regions and Extraterrestrial Intelligence, Astrophysics and Space Sciences l, 273.
An Analysis of the Mariner IV Photography of Mars (with C. R. Chapman and J. B. Pollack), Smithsonian Astrophys. Qh.s.. Spec. Rept. 268.
The Clouds and Atmosphere of Venus (with J. B. Pollack), in Infrared Astronomy, P. J. Brancazio and A. G. W. Cameron, eds. (New York: Gordon and Breach), 183-192.
Life on Other Planets, in International Dictionary of Geophysics, S. K. Runcom, editorin-chief, H. C. Urey, section editor (London: Pergamon Press).
Relationship of Planetary Quarantine to Biological Search Strategy (with E. C. Levinthal and J. Lederberg), in Life Sciences and Space Research VI, A. Brown and F. G. Favorite, eds. (Amsterdam: North Holland), 198 (abstract).
Moon and Mars: The Relation Between Circular Basins and Moments of Inertia (with B.T. O’Leary), Trans. Amer. Geophys. U. 49, 707 (abstract).
Interpretation of the Microwave Phase Effect of Mercury (with D. Morrison), Astron. I. 78, 527 (abstract).
Non-Grey Greenhouse Calculations of the Venus Atmosphere (with J. B. Pollack), Astron. ,I. 73, 532 (abstract).
Accessibility of Scientifically Interesting Surface Detail on Mars for Various Mariner 1969 Launch Configurations, privately circulated document prepared at the request of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and NASA Headquarters.
Is Venus Habitable? in Life Sciences and Space Research VI, A. Brown and F. G. Favorite, eds. (Amsterdam: North-Holland), 198 (abstract).

1969

Microwave Radiation from Venus: Thermal versus Non-Thermal Models, Comments Astrophys. Space Physics 1, 94-100.
Grey and Non-Grey Planetary Atmospheres: Structure, Convective Instability, and Greenhouse Effects, Icarus 10, 290-300.
Windblown Dust on Mars (with J. B. Pollack), Nature 223, 791-794.
Lunar and Planetary Mass Concentrations (with B. T. O’Leary and M. J. Campbell), Science 165, 651-657.
An Analysis of Martian Photometry and Polarimetry (with J. B. Pollack), Space Sci. Revs . .2, 243-299.
An Analysis of the Mariner 4 Cratering Statistics (with C. R. Chapman and J. B. Pollack), Astron.1. 74, 1039-1048.
Martian Temperatures and Thermal Properties (with D. Morrison and J. B. Pollack), Icarus 11, 36-45.
On the Structure of the Venus Atmosphere (with J. B. Pollack), Icarus 10, 274-289.
Moon: Two New Mascon Basins (with M. J. Campbell and B. T. O’Leary), Science 164, 1273-1274.
Frontiers in Solar System Exobiology, in Exobiology, American Astronautical Society, Science and Technology Series, 19, 1-11.

1970

Shock Synthesis of Amino Acids in Simulated Primitive Environments (with A. and N. Bar-Nun, S. Bauer), Science 168,470-473.
Line Formation in Planetary Atmospheres: I. The Simple Reflecting Model (with J. Regas), Comments Astrophys. Space Phys. 2., 116-120.
Line Formation in Planetary Atmospheres: II. The Scattering Model (with J. Regas), Comments Astrophys. Space Phys. 2., 138-143.
Line Formation in Planetary Atmospheres: Ill. Refinements Due to Inhomogeneity and to Anisotropic Scattering (with J. Regas), Comments Astrophys. Space Phys. 2., 161-168.
The Trouble with Venus, in Planetary atmospheres, Proc.I.A.U. Symposium 40, C. Sagan, H. J. Smith, T. Owen, eds. (Amsterdam: D. Reidel).
Studies of the Surface of Mars (very early in the era of spacecraft exploration) (with J. B.Pollack), Radio Science ~ 443-464.
Television Experiment for Mariner Mars 1971 (with H. Masursky et al.), Icarus 12, 10- 45.
Goethite on Mars: A Laboratory Study of Physically and Chemically Bound Water in Ferric Oxides (with J. B. Pollack, D. Pitman, B. N. Khare), Smithsonian Astrophys. Obs. Spec. Rept. 314; .I. Geophys.
The Origins of Life (with N.H. Horowitz, F. D. Drake, S. L. Miller, L. E. Orgel) in Biology and the Future of Man, P. Handler, ed. Committee on Science and Public Policy, National Academy of Sciences (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Amino Acid Synthesis in Simulated Primitive Environments (with A. and N. Bar-Nun and S. Bauer), Science 170, 1000-1002.
On the Origin of the Triplet Code, in Origins of Life, L. Margulis, ed. (New York: Gordon and Breach), 299-305.
The Surface Environment and Possible Biology of Mars, in Surfaces and Interiors of Planets and Satellites, A. Dollfus, ed. (London: Academic Press), 535-556.
Extraterrestrial Life: Summary of Session, in Origins of Life, L. Margulis, ed. (New York: Gordon and Breach), 325-327.
Production of Organic Molecules in the Interstellar Medium (with B. N. Khare), Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 2., 340 (abstract).

1971

Long Wavelength Ultraviolet Photoproduction of Amino Acids on the Primitive Earth (with B. N. Khare), Science 173, 417-420.
Experimental Jovian Photochemistry: Initial Results (with B. N. Khare), Astrophys.l.168, 563-570.
A Preliminary Assessment ofMartian Wind Regimes (with P. J. Gierasch), Icarus 14, 312-318.
Observational Consequences ofMartian Wind Regimes (with J. Veverka and P. J. Gierasch), Icarus .12, 511-514.
The Microwave Spectrum of Mars: An Analysis (with J. Veverka), Icarus 14, 222-234; abstract in Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. J, 275.
A Search for Life on Earth at 100-Meter Resolution (with D. Wallace), Icarus .12, 515.
Mariner Photography of Mars and Aerial Photography of Earth: Some Analogies (with D. Belcher and J. Veverka), Icarus .12, 241-252.
8. The Solar System Beyond Mars: An Exobiological Survey,~ Science Revs. 11, 73-112.
Synthesis of Cystine in Simulated Primitive Atmospheres (with B. N. Khare), Nature 232, 557-578.
Evolution of the Earth’s Atmosphere: Summary of Discussions, in Origins of Life, II, L. Margulis, ed. (New York: Gordon and Breach), 157-159.
Three-Channel Observations of the Occultation ofBeta Scorpii by Jupiter (with J.Veverka, J. L. Elliot, W. Liller, L. Wasserman), Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. J, 374 (abstract).
Shock Synthesis of Amino Acids in Simulated Primitive Environments (with A. and N. Bar-Nun, S. Bauer), in Chemical Evolution and the Origin of Life, R. Buvet and C. Ponnamperuma, eds. (Amsterdam: North Holland), 114-122. Full version of paper published in Science 168, 470-473, 1970.
Comments on Interstellar Molecules, in Highlights of Astronomy 2., 249,436-437, C. de 42 Jager, ed. (Dordrecht: D. Reidel).
A Truth Table Analysis of Models of Jupiter’s Great Red Spot, Comments Astrophys. Space Phys . .3, 65-72.
The Long Winter Model of Martian Biology, Icarus ]2, 511-514.

1972

A Message from Earth (with L. S. Sagan and F. D. Drake), Science 175, 881-884.
Mariner 9 Television Reconnaissance of Mars and Its Satellites: Preliminary Results (with H. Masursky et al.), Science 175, 294-304.
Variable Features on Mars: Preliminary Mariner 9 Results (with J. Veverka et al.), Icarus 17, 346-372.
Television Imaging of Phobos and Deimos: Preliminary Mariner 9 Results (with J. B. Pollack et al.), Icarus 17, 394-407; abstract in Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc.1, 313.
Earth and Mars: Evolution of Atmospheres and Surface Temperatures (with G. Mullen), Science 177, 52-56.
Interstellar Organic Chemistry, Nature 238, 77-80.
Minor Constituents in Planetary Atmospheres: Ultraviolet Spectroscopy from the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (with T. Owen), Icarus 16, 557-568.
Jupiter Occultation of Beta Scorpii: Are the Flashes Time-Symmetric? (with J. Veverka et al.), Nature 240, 344-346.
Imaging Experiment: The Viking Mars Lander (with T. Mutch et al.), Icarus 16, 92-110.
The Jupiter Greenhouse (with G. Mullen), Icarus 16, 397-400.
The Search for Indigenous Lunar Organic Matter, Space Life Sciences .3., 484-489.
Life Beyond the Solar System, in Exobiology, C. Ponnamperuma, ed. (Amsterdam: North Holland), 465-477.
Mars: The View from Mariner 9, EOS 53, 341 (abstract).
Geologic Features of Mars (with H. Masursky et al.), EOS 53, 432 (abstract).
Mariner 9 Pictures of the South Polar Region of Mars (with H. Masursky et al.), EOS 53, 432 (abstract).
Preliminary Results ofMartian Surface Variable Features from Mariner 9 (with J.Veverka et al.), EOS 53, 432 (abstract).
First Soviet-American Conference on Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence (with V. A. Ambarzumian et al.), Icarus 16, 412-414.
An Elementary Greenhouse Argument for an H2 Atmosphere on Titan (with G. Mullen), Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 362 (abstract).
Laboratory Studies of Carbon Suboxide Polymer: Applications to Mars (with B. N. and M. Khare), Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc.~ 362 (abstract).
Mariner 9 Mars Television Experiment (with H. Masursky et al.), Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc.~. 356.
Can We Detect Ourselves in The Inhabited Cosmos, N. B. Prokofiev, ed. (Moscow: Nauka), 204-211 (in Russian).
Planetary Astronomy Objectives, in Astronomy from .a Space Platform, American Astronautical Society, Science and Technology Series 28, 3-6.
Quantitative Imaging of the Outer Planets and their Satellites (with M. J. S. Belton et al.) in Grand Tour Outer Planet Missions, NASA-CR-132013, N73-23823, February 1, 1972.
Mariner Jupiter/Saturn Mission Definition Phase (with M. J. S. Belton et al.) in MJS Imaging Experiment, NASA-CR-132012, N73-23825, May 1, 1972.

1973

Climatic Change on Mars (with 0. B. Toon and P. J. Gierasch), Science 181, 1045-1049; abstract in Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 294.
Variable Features on Mars: II. Mariner 9 Global Results (with J. Veverka et al.), I. Geophys. Res. 78, 4163-4196; abstract in Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc.~. 295.
Mariner 9 Observation of Phobos and Deimos II (with J. B. Pollack et al.), I. Geophys. Res. 78, 4313-4326; abstract in Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. ~. 306.
Ultraviolet Selection Pressure on the Earliest Organisms, I. Theoret. Bioi. 39, 195-200.
High Altitude Infrared Spectrometric Evidence for Bound Water on Mars (with J. Houck et al.), Icarus 18., 470-480.
Sandstorms and Eolian Erosion on Mars, I. Geophys. Res. 78, 4155-4162. Also published in Jet Propulsion Laboratory Technical Report TR-32-1550.
Liquid Carbon Dioxide and the Martian Polar Laminae, l. Geophys. Res. 78, 1250-1251. Also published in Jet Propulsion Laboratory Technical Report TR-32-1550.
Solar Neutrinos, Martian Rivers, and Praesepe (with A. T. Young), Nature 243, 459-460.
Organic Chemistry and Biology of the Interstellar Medium, in Molecules in the Galactic Environment, M. Gordon and L. Snyder, eds. (New York: John Wiley), 451-466.
Interstellar Radio Communication and the Frequency Selection Problem (with F. D. Drake), Nature 245, 257-258.
Red Clouds in Reducing Atmospheres (with B. N. Khare), Icarus 20, 311-321.
The Greenhouse of Titan, Icarus 18., 649-656.
Landing on Mars, Nature 244, 61.
Temperature History of the Earth, in Origins of Life: Chemistry and Radioastronomy, L. Margulis, ed. (New York: Springer-Verlag), 196-215.
Planetary Engineering on Mars, Icarus 20, 513-514.
Mariner 9 Picture Differencing at Stanford (with L. Quam et al.), Sky and Telescope 46, 84-87.
Experimental Interstellar Organic Chemistry: Preliminary Findings (with B. N. Khare), in Molecules in the Galactic Environment, M. Gordon and L. Snyder, eds. (New York: John Wiley), 399-408; abstract in Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. J., 398 (1971).
The Helium Fraction in the Jovian Atmosphere from the Occultation of~ Scorpii (with J. L. Elliot et al.); abstract in Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc.~. 343.
On the Detectivity of Advanced Galactic Civilizations, Icarus 19, 350-352.
Variable Features on Mars: Mariner 9 Observations of Promethei Sinus (with J. Veverka et al.); abstract in Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. ~. 295-296.
Structure of the Upper Atmosphere of Jupiter from Multi-Channel Observations of the ~ Scorpii Occultation (with L. Wasserman et al.); abstract in Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc.~. 287.

1974

Variable Features on Mars: ill. Comparison of Mariner 1969 and Mariner 1971 Photography (with J. Veverka et al.), Icarus 21, 317-368; abstract in Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 296.
Variable Features on Mars: IV. Pavonis Mons (with J. Veverka et al.), Icarus 22, 24-47.
The Occultation of~ Scorpii by Jupiter: I. The Structure of the Jovian Atmosphere (with J. Veverka et al.), Astrophys. ,I. 79, 73-84.
The Occultation of~ Scorpii by Jupiter: II. The Hydrogen/Helium Abundance in the Jovian Atmosphere (with J. L. Elliot et al.), Astrophys. , I. 190, 719-729.
The Occultation of~ Scorpii by Jupiter: III. High Time Resolution Records of the Bright Star Emersion at Three Wavelengths (with W. Liller et al.), Icarus 22, 82-104
The Jovian Atmosphere: Structure and Composition Between the Turbopause and the Mesopause (with J. Veverka et al.), Science 184, 901-903.
Organic Chemistry in the Atmosphere of Titan, in The Atmosphere ofTitan, D. Hunten, ed., NASA Special Publication SP-340, 134-142 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office).
On the Upper Atmosphere of Neptune (with J. Veverka et al.), Astrophys. , I. 189, 569-576.
The Origin of Life in a Cosmic Context, Origins of Life~. 497-505.
Differential Transmission of Sunlight on Mars: Biological Implications (with J. B. Pollack), Icarus 21, 490-495.
A Mariner 9 Atlas of the Moons of Mars (with J. Veverka et al.), Icarus 23, 206-289.
Frictional and Stream Velocities in Sandstorms, I. Geophys. Res. 79,2147.
Physical Properties of the Particles Composing the Great Martian Dust Storm of 1971 (with J. B. Pollack and 0. B. Toon); abstract in Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc . .Q, 370.
Pavonis Mons and the Martian Boundary Layer (with J. Veverka); abstract in Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc . .Q, 370-371.
The Upper Atmosphere of Jupiter (with J. Veverka et al.); abstract in Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc . .Q, 376.
The Occultation of ~ Scorpii C by Jupiter: Sharp Spikes in the Curve (with J. L. Elliot et al.); abstract in Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc . .Q, 377
Organic Chemistry in Reducing Atmospheres (with B. N. K.hare); abstract in Bull. Amer.Astron. Soc . .Q, 386.

1975

Fluid Transport on Earth and Aeolian Transport on Mars (with R. A. Bagnold), Icarus 26, 209-219.
Windblown Dust on Venus, T Atmos. Sci. 32, 1079-1083.
The Recognition of Extraterrestrial Intelligence, Proc. Roy. Soc. London B, 189, 143-153.
Cyclic Octatomic Sulfur: A Possible Infrared and Visible Chromophore in the Clouds of Jupiter (with B. N. K.hare), Science 189, 72-73.
Hot Hydrogen in Prebiological and Interstellar Chemistry, Science 188, 72-73.

Microwave Boundary Conditions on the Clouds of Venus (with W. B. Rossow), I. Atmos. Sci. 32, 1164-1176.

The New Martian Nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union, (with G. deVaucouleurs et al.), Icarus 26, 85-98.

Pattern Recognition and Zeta Reticuli (with S. Soter), Astronomy l (7), 39-40.

The Zeta Reticuli Affair (with S. Soter), Astronomy l (9), 16-17.

The Occultation of Scorpii by Jupiter: V. The Emersion of p Scorpii C (with J. L. Elliot et al.), Astron. , I. 80, 323-332.

Solar Luminosity Variations and the Climate of Mars (with 0. B. Toon and P. J. Gierasch), in Possible Relationships Between Solar Activity and Meteorological Phenomena, W. P. Bardeen and S. P. Maran, eds., NASA Special Publication SP- 366 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office).

Variable Features on Mars (withJ. Veverka et al.), in Mars as Viewed by Mariner 2., NASA Special Publication SP-329, 113-123 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office).

Kepler and Mariner 9 (with J. B. Pollack and J. Veverka), in Kepler: Four Hundred Years, A. Beer and P. Beer, eds. (Oxford: Pergamon Press).

Comments on Venus, in The Atmosphere of Venus, J. E. Hansen, ed., Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, 23-180 inter alia.

Strategy for Outer Planets Exploration (with A. G. W. Cameron et al.), NASA N77-20126, June 11.

Exploration of the Saturnian System: Appendix Fin Strategy for Outer Planets Exploration, NASA N77-20126, June 11.

The Canals of Mars: An Assessment After Mariner 9 (with P. Fox), Icarus 25 (4), 602-612.
The Changing Surface of Mars (with J. Veverka et al.), Astronomy .3. (6), 26-34.

Climatic Change on Mars and Earth (with 0. B. Toon et al.), Proc. Symposium on Long-term Climatic Fluctuations (World Meteorological Organization Rept. 421, 495-503).

1976

The Surface of Mars: The View from the Viking 1 Lander (with T. Mutch et al.), Science 193, 791-801.

Fine Particles on Mars: Observations from the Viking 1 Lander Cameras (with T. Mutch et al.), Science 194, 87-91.

The Surface of Mars: The View from the Viking 2 Lander (with T. Mutch et al.), Science 194, 1277-1283.

Volcanic Explosions and Climatic Change: A Theoretical Assessment (with J. B. Pollack et al.), I. Geophys. Res. 81, 1071-1083.

Mars as Seen by Viking, La Gazette d’Uranie ~. 28-29, August (summary of invited discourse at 16th General Assembly, International Astronomical Union, Grenoble, France).

A Numerical Circulation Model with Topography of the Martian Southern Hemisphere (with C. Mass), ,I. Atmos. Scis. 33, 1418-1430; abstract in Reports of Accomplishments of Planetology Programs, 1975-1976, NASA TM-X-3364.

Stratospheric Aerosols and Climatic Change (with B. Baldwin et al.), Nature 263, 551-555.

Particles, Environments, and Hypothetical Ecologies in the Jovian Atmosphere (with E. E. Salpeter), Astrophys . .I. Suppl. 32, 737-755.

Erosion and the Rocks of Venus, Nature 261, 31.

The Prospects for Life on Mars: A Pre-Viking Assessment (with J. Lederberg), Icarus 28, 291-300.

Variable Features on Mars: VI. An Unusual Crater Streak in Mesogaea (with J. Veverka and R. Greeley), Icarus 27, 241-253.

On Solar System Nomenclature, Icarus 27, 575-576.

Detection Times and Number Densities of Rare Mobile Organisms: Application to Loch Ness, Nature 264,497.

Preliminary Investigations of the Physics of Martian Channels; abstract in Reports of Accomplishments of planetary Programs, 1975-1976, NASA TM-X-3364, 166-168.

Long-term Evolution of the Martian Atmosphere and Climatic Change; abstract in Reports of Accomplishments of planetary Programs, 1975-1976, NASA TM-X- 3364, 268-272.

Viking Lander Imaging, Early Results (abstract with T. Mutch et al.), EOS: Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 57,945.

1977

Exploration of the Planets: An Invited Discourse Presented Before the 16th General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union. In Highlights of Astronomy~(Part I) (Dordrecht: D. Reidel), 37-67.

The Geology of the Viking Lander 1 Site (with T. Mutch et al.), .I. Geophys. Res. 82, 4439-4451. Reprinted in Scientific Results of the Viking Project (Washington: American Geophysical Union).

Particle Motion on Mars Inferred from the Viking Lander Cameras (with D. Pieri et al.), Geophys. Res. 82, 4430-4438; abstract in Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc . .2, 535, 1977.

Physical Properties of the Particles Composing the Martian Dust Storm of 1971-1972 (with 0. B. Toon and J. B. Pollack), Icarus 30, 663-696.

Occultation of E Geminorum by Mars: Evidence for Atmospheric Tidal Waves? (with J.L. Elliot et al.), Science 195,485-486.

Occultation of E Geminorum by Mars: II. The Structure and Extinction of the Martian Upper Atmosphere (with J. L. Elliot et al.), Astrophys. , I. 217, 661-679.

Reducing Greenhouses and the Temperature History of Earth and Mars, Nature 269, 224-226.

Computer Simulations of Planetary Accretion Dynamics: Sensitivity to Initial Conditions (with R. Isaacman), Icarus .11., 510-533; abstract in Reports of Planetary Geology Programs, 1976-1977, NASA TM-X-3511.

Lander Imaging as a Detector of Life on Mars (with E. Levinthal et al.), I. Geophys. Res.82, 4468-4478. Reprinted in Scientific Results of the Viking Project (Washington: American Geophysical Union).

On the Temperature Dependence of Possible S8 Infrared Bands in Planetary Atmospheres (with B. N. Khare), Icarus 30,231-233.

Voyager Imaging Experiment (with B. Smith et al.), Space Science Revs. 21, 103-128.

Evolution of the Martian Environment and the Biological Significance of the Viking Missions; abstract in Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc . .2, 451.

Martian Atmospheric Extinction and the Central Flash (with R. G. French et al.); abstract in Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc . .2, 447-448.

Fine Particles on the Surface of Mars; abstract in Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc . .2, 444; and in Reports of Planetary Geology Programs, 1976-1977, NASA TM-X-3511.

Structure of the Martian Upper Atmosphere from Airborne Observations of the E Geminorum Occultation (with J. L. Elliot et al.); abstract in Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc .2, 451.

1978

Ultraviolet-Photoproduced Organic Solids Synthesized Under Simulated Jovian Conditions: Molecular Analysis (with B. N. Khare et al.), Science 199, 1199-1201; abstract in Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc . .2, 476, 1977.

Five Micron Limb-Darkening and the Structure of the Jovian Atmosphere (with W. I. Newman), Icarus 36, 223-239; abstract in Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc . .2, 534, 1977.

Models for the Reflection Spectrum of Jupiter’s North Equatorial Belt (with K. Rages); abstract in Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc . .2, 534-535, 1977.

Organic Chemistry of Cosmic Dust and Cometary Ices (with B. N. Khare); abstract in Experimental Approaches to Comets, Lunar and Planetary Institute Workshop, Houston, TX, 60-65, September, 1978.

On the Nature and Visibility of Crater-Associated Streaks on Mars (with J. Veverka and P. Thomas), Icarus 36, 147-152.

Eavesdropping on Galactic Civilizations, Science 202, 374-376.

Constraints on Aeolian Phenomena on Mars from Analysis of Viking Lander Camera Data (with R. Arvidson et al.); abstract in EOS 59, 313, 1978. Also published in NASA TM-78455, 3-7, 1978.

Junction Angles in Martian Channels (with D. Pieri). Reports of Planetary Geology Programs 1978-1979, NASA TM-79729.

Origin of Martian Valleys (with D. Pieri); abstract in Reports of Planetary Geology Programs 1978-1979, NASA TM-80339, 349-352.

Martian Surface Composition: Comparison of Remote Spectral Studies and in situ X-ray Fluorescence Analysis (with 0. B. Toon et al.), Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 10, 573,1978.

1979

The Jupiter System Through the Eyes ofVoyager 1 (with B. Smith et al.), Science 204, 951-964. Reprinted in Mission to Jupiter and Its Satellites, A Special Science

The Galilean Satellites and Jupiter: Voyager 2 Imaging Science Results (with B. Smith et al.), Science 206, 927-950.

Sulfur Flows on Io, Nature 280, 750-753; abstract in Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc.ll, 600.

Volcanic Resurfacing Rates and Implications for Volatiles on Io (with T.V. Johnson, A. Cook, L. Soderblom), Nature 280, 746-750.

Anthropogenic Albedo Changes and the Earth’s Climate (with 0. B. Toon and J. B. Pollack), Science 206, 1363-1368.

Tholins: Organic Chemistry of lnterstellar Grains and Gas (with B. N. Khare), Nature 277, 102-107. Erratum in Nature 282, 536.

Evaporation of Ice in Planetary Atmospheres: Ice-Covered Rivers on Mars (with D.Wallace), Icarus 39, 385-400; abstract in Reports of Planetary Geology Programs 1976-1977, NASA TM-X-3511, and in Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc . .2, 539, 1977.

Interstellar Grains: Organic or Retractory? (with B. N. Khare), Nature 281, 708.

Organic Dust Synthesized in Reducing Environments by Ultraviolet Radiation or Electrical Discharge (with B. N. Khare), Astrophysics and Space Sciences 65, 309-312.

Comparative Microanalysis of Carbonaceous Materials from Meteoritic Origin and Miller-Urey Synthesis (with J. C. Dran et al.), Meteoritics 14, 384-385 (abstract).

1980

Spectrophotometry of Io: Preliminary Voyager 1 Results (with L. Soderblom et al. ), Geophys. Res. Letters L 963-966.
Observations of the Spectrum of Jupiter from 1500 to 2000 A with the IUE (with T. Owen et al.), Astrophys. ,r. 236, 39-43.

Cosmic Dust Synthesized in Reducing Environments, in Solid Particles in the Solar System: Proc. I.A.U. Symposium No. 90 (with B. N. Khare) (Dordrecht: D. Reidel), 355-356.

Low Energy Cavitation in Martian Floods (with D. Pieri), Reports of Planetary Geology Programs 1980-1981, NASA Technical Memorandum 82385, 355.

1981

Encounter with Saturn: Voyager 1 Imaging Science Results (with B. Smith et al. ), Science 212, 163-191.
Organic Solids Produced by Electrical Discharge in Reducing Atmospheres: Tholin Molecular Analysis (with B. N. Khare et al.), Icarus 48, 290-297.
Titan Brightness Contrasts: Implications ofNorth-South Asymmetry (with L. Sromovsky et al.), Nature 292, 698-702.
Galactic Civilizations: Population Dynamics and Interstellar Diffusion (with W. I. Newman), Icarus 46, 293-327.
The Organic Clouds ofTitan (with B. N. Khare); abstract in Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. U, 701; Origins ofLife 12, 280, 1982; First Symposium on Chemical Evolution and the Origin of Life, D. DeVincenzi and L. Pleasant, eds., NASA Conf. Publ. 2276, 1983.
Reflection Spectra of Simulated Titan Organic Clouds (with B. N. Khare and J. Gradie); abstract in Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. U, 701.
The Microwave Spectrum of Titan: Compatibility with post-Voyager Models (with W. R. Thompson); abstract in Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. U, 703.
On the Nature of the Jovian “Blue” Spots (with W. R. Thompson); abstract in Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. U, 734-735.
Geomorphology of Flow Features on Io (with D. Pieri et al.), EOS 62, 316 (abstract).
Thermal Processes in Sulfur Flows on Io (with S. Baloga et al.), EOS 62,316 (abstract).
Geomorphology of Ra Patera, Io: A Quantitative Approach to Sulfur Volcanism (with D. Pieri et al.), Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. U, 741 (abstract).
Reflection Spectra of Molten Sulfur: Could Liquid Sulfur Be on Io’s Surface? (with R. M. Nelson et al.), Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. U, 740-741 (abstract).
Volcanic Sulfur Flows on Io (with S.M. Baloga et al.), EOS 62, 1080 (abstract).
Imaging Science: The Atmospheres of Saturn and Titan (with B. Smith et al.), EOS 62, 838 (abstract).
Imaging Science: The Satellites (with B. Smith et al.), EOS 62, 838 (abstract).
Imaging Science: The Rings (with B. Smith et al.), EOS 62, 838 (abstract).

1982

A New Look at the Saturn System: The Voyager 2 Images (with B. Smith et al.), Science 215, 504-537.
The Tide in the Seas ofTitan (with S. F. Dermott), Nature 300, 731-733; abstract in Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 14, 713.
Global Consequences of Nuclear “Warfare” (with R. P. Turco et al.), EOS 63, 1018. (abstract).
Molecular Analysis of Tholins Produced Under Simulated Titan Conditions (with B. N. Khare et al.), Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 14, 714 (abstract).
Growth of Microorganisms on Organic Material Produced by Chemical Synthesis in a Reducing Atmosphere (with P. J. Boston, et al.), Proc. XIII Intemat. Congress Microbiology P10:1, 70, Boston, August 8-13 (abstract).
Extraterrestrial Intelligence: Aii International Petition (with many others), Science 218, 426, October 29.

1983

Nuclear Winter: Global Consequences of Multiple Nuclear Explosions (with R. P. Turco et al.), Science 222, 1283-1292. [“TTAPS”].
The Long-term Biological Consequences of Nuclear War (with P.R. Ehrlich et al.), Science 222, 1293-1300. Reproduced in Historic Documents of 1983, Congressional Quarterly, 870-882, 1984
The Albedo Asymmetry of iapetus (with S. W. Squyres), Nature 303, 782-785; abstract in Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 14, 739, 1983.
Ballistic Diffusion on Planetary Satellites (with S. W. Squyres), Proc. 14th Lunar and Planet. Sci. Con£, Houston, 739-740.
The Reflection Spectrum of Liquid Sulfur: Implications for Io (with R. M. Nelson et al.), Icarus 56, 409-413.
The Solipsist Approach to Extraterrestrial Intelligence (with W. I. Newman), Quarterly. J.Roy. Astron. Soc. 24, 113-121.
UV Darkening, Ballistic Diffusion, Iapetus, and the Satellites of Uranus (with S. W. Squyres); abstract in Natural Satellites, I.A.U. Colloq. 77.
Optical Constants of Titan Tholin Aerosols (with B. N. Khare et al.); abstract in Natural Satellites, I.A.U. Colloq. 77; Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 15, 842.
Visible and UV Spectral Properties and Chemistry of Titan Tholin Aerosols (with B. N. Khare et al.); abstract in Natural Satellites, I.A.U. Colloq. 77.
Amino Acid Analysis of Titan Tholins (with B. N. Khare et al.), Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. u. 843.
Reflection Spectra of Model Titan Atmospheres and Aerosols (with W. R. Thompson and B. N. Khare), Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 15, 843.
Metabolism of Tholins by Microorganisms: Implications for Spacecraft Contamination (with P. J. Boston et al.), Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. _li, 843.
A Photometric Map of lapetus from Voyager Data (with S. W. Squyres et al.); abstracts in Natural Satellites, I.A.U. Colloq. 77.
Generation, Physical Properties, Atmospheric Dispersion, and Effects of Smoke Following a Nuclear War (with R. P. Turco), EOS 64, 666-667.
Global Atmospheric Consequences of Nuclear War (with R. P. Turco et al.), R & D Associates Rept. U122878, 144 pp., March, 1983.

1984

Production and Condensation of Organic Gases in the Atmosphere of Titan (with W. R. Thompson), Icarus 59, 133-161; abstract in Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 14, 714, 1982.
Optical Constants of Organic Tholins Produced in a Simulated Titanian Atmosphere: From Soft X-Rays to Microwave Frequencies (with B. N. Khare et al.), Icarus 60, 127-137.
Titan: Far Infrared and Microwave Remote Sensing of Methane Clouds and Organic Haze (with W. R. Thompson), Icarus 60, 236-259; abstract in Natural Satellites, I.A.U. Colloq. 7.2, 1983, and Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. U., 842, 1983.
Voyager Photometry of lapetus (with S. W. Squyres et al.), Icarus 59, 426-435.
The Sulfur Flows of Ra Patera, Io (with D. Pieri et al.), Icarus 60, 685-700.
Nuclear War and Climatic Change (Guest Editorial), Climatic Change 2 (1), 1-3.
Nuclear Winter To Be Taken Seriously (with R. P. Turco et al.), Nature 311, 307-308.
Organic Matter in the Saturn System (with B. N. Khare and J. S. Lewis), Saturn, T. Gehrels and M.S. Matthews, eds. (Tucson: University of Arizona Press), 788-807.
Origin and Depth of Titan’s Hydrocarbon Ocean (with S. F. Dermott et al.), Lunar and Planetary Science .12, Part I (Houston: Lunar and Planetary Institute), 222-223.
Voyager Imaging Observations of Titan’s Atmosphere: I. Disk-Resolved Photometric Properties (with S. W. Squyres and W. R. Thompson), Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 16, 664.
Voyager Imaging Observations of Titan’s Atmosphere: II. Variation of Particle Properties with Altitude and Latitude (with W. R. Thompson and S. W. Squyres), Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 16, 664.
Titan: Multiple Light Scattering by Organic Tholins and Condensates (with W. R. Thompson et al.), Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc . .lQ, 665.
Time-Evolution of Infrared Absorption Features in an Oxygen-Free Titan Organic Synthesis Experiment (with B. N. K.hare et al.), Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 16, 664-665.
Complex Refractive Index of Liquid and Solid Sulfur (with E. T. Arakawa et al.), Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 16, 653.
Coloration and Darkening ofCH4 Hydrate and Other Ices Upon Charged-Particle Irradiation (with B. N. Khare et al.), Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 16, 668.
Foreword to Manned Lunar, Asteroid, and Mars Missions: Visions of Spaceflight Circa 2001 (with L. Friedman), Science Applications International Corporation/The Planetary Society, September, 1984.

1985

On Minimizing the Consequences of Nuclear War, Nature 317, 485-488.
On a ”Nuclear Winter” (with R. P. Turco et al.), Science 227, 358-362, 444.
Ozone, Dust, Smoke, and Humidity in Nuclear Winter (with R. P. Turco et al.), Nature 317,21.
The Organic Aerosols of Titan (with B. N. Khare et al.), Advances in Space Science 4. (12), 59-68;
Titan’s Organic Chemistry (with W. R. Thompson and B. N. K.hare), in The Search for Extraterrestrial Life: Recent Developments, Proc. International Astronomical Union Symposium 112, M. Papagiannis, ed. (Dordrecht: D. Reidel), 107-121.
Optical Properties of Solid and Liquid Sulfur at Visible and Infrared Wavelengths (with R. Sasson et al.), Icarus 64, 368-374.
Nonlinear Diffusion and Population Dynamics (with W. I. Newman), in Interstellar Migration and the Human Experience, B. R. Finney and E. Jones, eds. (Los Angeles: University of California Press), 301-312.
Stratospheric Tholins in the Outer Planets: Synthesis by Coronal/Plasma Discharge in HiCH4 Flows (with B. N. Khare et al.), Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 11 (3), 708.
Ices in the Outer Solar System: Spectra of Irradiation Products (with B. G. Murray et al.), Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 17 (3), 723.
Gas Phase Organic Synthesis in an N/CH4 Flow System: A Titan Simulation (with T. Henry et al.), Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 17 (3), 742.
Photometry, Multiple Light Scattering, and Laboratory Simulations: Constraints on the Structure of Titan’s Haze/Cloud (with W. R. Thompson et al.), Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 17 (3), 700.

1986

Voyager 2 in the Uranian System: Imaging Science Results (with B. A. Smith et al.), Science 233, 43-64.
Long-term Consequences of and Prospects for Recovery from Nuclear War, Chapter 31 in The Medical Implications of Nuclear War, F. Solomon, ed. (Washington: National Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences).
Amino Acids Derived from Titan Tholins (with B. N. Khare et al.), Icarus 67, 176-184.
Refractive Indices of Liquid Methane and Ethane (with E. T. Arakawa et al.), Bull. Amer. Physical Soc . .ll, 700.
The Uranian Stratosphere: Hydrocarbon Gases and Solids from Coronal Discharge (with B. N. K.hare et al.), Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc.ll (3), 765.
Optical Constants of Basaltic Glass from 0.0173 to 50 Jlm (with E. T. Arakawa et al.), Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 18 (3), 777.
Charged Particle Organic Synthesis in Low and Moderate Pressure N/CH4 Atmospheres: Implications for Titan and Triton (with W. R. Thompson et al.), Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc.ll (3), 816-817.
Microphysical and Optical Properties of Smoke and Other Particulates (with R. P. Turco et al.); abstract in Proceedings, IAMAP/IAPSO Joint Assembly.
Radiation Darkening ofCH4-Clathrate: Implications for the Uranian Satellites (with W. R. Thompson et al.), Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. ll (3), 785.
Photoclinometry on Io: Topography from Minnaert Inversion (with R. Pappalardo and W. R. Thompson), Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 18 (3), 777.
Organic Chemistry in the Atmosphere ofTitan (with B. N. Khare et al.); abstract in Twenty-Sixth Planetary Meeting, Committee on Space Research (COSP AR), International Council of Scientific Unions (Toulouse), 148.
Optical Constants of Organic and Inorganic Constituents of Planetary Atmospheres and Surfaces (with B. N. K.hare et al.), in Abstracts, Laboratory Measurements for Planetary Science, Conference, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon, November 3, 1986,2-4.
Irradiation Products of Clathrates and Other Ices in the Outer Solar System (with B. N. Khare et al.), ibid., 4-3.
Laboratory Simulations of Organic Chemistry in Irradiated Planetary Atmospheres (with W. R. Thompson et al.), ibid., 6-3.

1987

Coloration and Darkening of Methane Clathrate and Other Ices by Charged Particle Irradiation: Applications to the Outer Solar System (with W. R. Thompson et al.), I. Geophys. Res. 92, 14,933-14,948.
Light Hydrocarbons from Plasma Discharge in H2/He/CH4: First Results with Applications to Uranian Auroral Chemistry (with W. R. Thompson et al.), J. Geophys. Res. 92, 15,083-15,092.
Solid Hydrocarbon Aerosols Produced in Simulated Uranian and Neptunian Stratospheres (with B. N. K.hare et al.), I. Geophys. Res. 92, 15,067-15,082.
Infrared Emission from Organic Grains in Comet Halley (with C. Chyba), Nature 330, 350-353.
Cometary Organics, But No Evidence for Bacteria (with C. Chyba), Nature 329, 1987, 208.
Infrared Emission from Organic Grains in Halley’s Comet (with C. Chyba), Proceedings, International Workshop on Laboratory Simulation of Organic Cometary Materials (J. Kissel and G. Strazzulla, eds.), University of Catania, 1987, 50-57.
Nuclear Winter Revisited (with R. P. Turco et al.), The Amicus I. 2, 4-6.
Impact Dust and Climate on the Primordial Earth (with David H. Grinspoon), abstract in Proc. Ann. Workshop in Earth System Science-Long-term Stability of the Earth System, Pennsylvania State University, July 27-August 7, 1987.
Prospects for Space Science, in The Human Quest in Space, G. L. Burdett and G. A. Soffen, eds., Twenty-Fourth Goddard Memorial Symposium, American Astronautical Society, 1987, 45-60.
Thermal Emission from Organic Grains in Comet Halley (with C. Chyba), Bulletin American Astronomical Society 19 (3), 1987, 878.
Optical Constants and Spectra of Tholins from H20-CH4 Gas and H20-Hydrocarbon Ices (with B. N. K.hare et al.), Bulletin American Astronomical Society 19 (3), 1987, 895.
Photometric Properties of the Uranian Atmosphere (with J. Moersch and W. R. Thompson), Bulletin American Astronomical Society 19 (4), 1987, 1148-1149.
Was the Early Earth Shrouded in Impact-Generated Dust? (with David Grinspoon), Bulletin American Astronomical Society 12 (3), 1987, 892.

1988

A Two-Component Model for Thermal Emission from Organic Grains in Comet Haley (with C. Chyba), in Infrared Observations of Comets Halley and Wilson and Properties of the Grains, NASA Special Publication (M.S. Hanner, ed.), 1988, 82-83.
Cometary Organic Matter Still a Contentious Issue (with C. Chyba), Nature 332, 592.
Light Scattering Models as Quantitative Image Enhancement Tools: Seeing the Clouds of Uranus (with W. R. Thompson and J. Moersch), Forefronts (Center for Theory and Simulation in Science and Engineering, Cornell University) ~ ( 4), August, 1988, 3-7.
Optical Properties of Solid Hydrocarbon Aerosols, and Gaseous Hydrocarbon Yields from Laboratory Plasma Discharge in H2/He/CH4 Atmospheres (with B. N. Khare et al.), Uranus Colloquium Abstracts, Jet Propulsion Laboratory JPL D-5504, June, 1988, 3.12.
Visualization and Photometric Classification of Clouds on Uranus (with W. R. Thompson and J. Moersch), Uranus Colloquium Abstracts, Jet Propulsion Laboratory JPL D- =5504, June, 1988, 3.13.
The Effects of Comets and Asteroids on the Early Terrestrial Environment (with David Grinspoon)
Complex Molecular Synthesis from Simple C/H/0/N Ices Upon Charged Particle Irradiation (with B. N. Khare and W. R. Thompson), Abstracts, COSP AR, Helsinki, 18-29 July, 1988, 285.
Oxidant Diffusion in the Martian Regolith (with C. F. Chyba and S. W. Squyres), Bulletin American Astronomical Society 20 (3), 846.
Production of Organic Gases from Mildly Reducing Possible Early Earth/Early Mars Atmospheres (with W. R. Thompson et al.), ibid. 20 (3), 860-861.
Color-Albedo Classification and Modeling of Jovian Clouds (with W. R. Thompson), ibid. 20 (3), 871.
Unanswered Questions in Planetary Science, address at Symposium on “Solar System Exploration: Origins, Evolution and Future Prospects,” Space Policy Institute, George Washington University, December 9, 1987.
A Search for Heliocentric Evolution of Organic Spectral Features in Comet Brorsen-Metcalf(with C. F. Chyba), Newsletter, Astronomical Society of New York,J., 29-

1989

Voyager 2 at Neptune: Imaging Science Results (with B. A. Smith et al. ), Science 246, 1422-1449.
The Heliocentric Evolution of Cometary Infrared Spectra (with C. Chyba and M. Mumma), Icarus 79, 1989, 362-381.
Solid Organic Residues Produced by Irradiation of Hydrocarbon-Containing H20 and H20/NH3 Ices: Infrared Spectroscopy and Astronomical Implications (with B. N. Khare et al.), Icarus 79, 1989, 350-361.
Organic Solids Produced from Simple C/H/0/N Ices by Charged Particles: Applications to the Outer Solar System (with B. N. Khare et al.), Advances in Space Research .2 (2), 41-53.
The Pre- and Post-Accretion Irradiation History of Cometary Ices (with C. Chyba), in Interstellar Dust: Contributed Papers, Proceedings of an International Astronomical Union Symposium, A. G. G. M. Tielens and L. J. Allamandola, eds., NASA Conference Publication 3036 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1989), 433-435.
Triton: Stratospheric Molecules and Organic Sediments (with W. R. Thompson et al.), Geophysical Research Letters 16 (8), 981-984.
Photometric Properties and Classification of Small Jovian Cloud Features (with W. R. Thompson), in Time-Variable Phenomena in the Jovian System (M. J. S. Belton, R. A. West, and J. Rahe, eds.), NASA Conference Publication SP-494 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1989).
Impact Delivery of Organic Molecules to the Early Earth and Implications for the Terrestrial Origins of Life (with P. J. Thomas et al.), Lunar and Planetary Science 20, 1117-1118. Also, Comets and Life, EOS (Transactions, American Geophysical Union) 70 (13) (March 28, 1989), 196.
Depth to Unoxidized Material in the Martian Regolith (with C. F. Chyba and S. W. Squyres), Lunar and Planetary Science 20, 157-158.
Impact Delivery of Prebiotic Organics to the Early Earth (with C. F. Chyba et al.), Origins of Life 19 (3-5), 467-468.
Amino Acids and Their Polymers in the Lower Clouds of Jupiter?-Preliminary Findings (with B. N. Khare et al.), Origins of Life 19 (3-5), 495-496.
Atmospheric Formation of Organic Heteropolymers from N2 and CH4: Structural Suggestions for Amino Acid and Oligomer Precursors (with W. R. Thompson), Origins of Life 19 (3-5), 503-504.
Production and Fate of Hydrocarbons, Nitriles, and Heteropolymers on Titan (with W. R. Thompson et al.), Origins of Life 19 (3-5), 475-476.
Auroral Chemistry in Triton’s Stratosphere: Laboratory Simulations (with S. K. Singh et al.) EOS (Transactions, American Geophysical Union) 20 (29), 720.
Stratospheric Molecules at Triton: Expected Abundances (with W. R. Thompson and S. K. Singh), EOS (Transactions, American Geophysical Union) 20 (29), 720.
Remote Sensing Studies of Planetary Atmospheres and Surfaces (cover article with W. R. Thompson), in Abstracts: Research on the Cornell National Supercomputer Facility (Ithaca, NY: Cornell Center for Theory and Simulation in Science and Engineering, 1989), 1, 9.
Voyager Multispectral IR Limb-Darkening of Jupiter. I. The NH3 Clouds (with W. R. Thompson and W. I. Newman), Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 21 (3), 1989, 944.
Voyager Multispectral IR Limb-Darkening of Jupiter. II. The Deep Clouds (with W. I. Newman and W. R. Thompson), Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 21 (3), 1989, 944.
Optical Constants of Kerogen from 0.15 to 40 !lm (with E. T. Arakawa et al.), Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 21 (3), 1989, 940.
Optical Constants of Solid Methane (with B. N. Khare et al.), Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 21 (3), 1989, 982.

1990

Climate and Smoke: An Appraisal of Nuclear Winter (with R. P. Turco et al.), Science 247, 166-176.
Cometary Delivery of Organic Molecules to the Early Earth (with C. F. Chyba et al.), Science 249, 366-373.
Color and Chemistry on Triton (with W. R. Thompson), Science 250, 415-418.
Triton’s Streaks as Windblown Dust (with C. F. Chyba), Nature 346, 546-548.
Microbial Metabolism ofTholin (with C. Stoker et al.), Icarus 85, 241-256.
Optical Constants of Solid Methane (with B. N. K.hare et al.), in First International Conference on Laboratory Research for Planetary Atmospheres, K. Fox et al., eds., NASA Conference Publication 3077 (Washington, DC: NASA, 1990), 327-339.
Optical Constants of Kerogen from 0.15 to 40 jlm: Comparison with Meteoritic Organics (with B. N. K.hare et al.), in First International Conference on Laboratory Research for Planetary Atmospheres, K. Fox et al., eds., NASA Conference Publication 3077 (Washington, DC: NASA, 1990), 340-356.
Quantitative Laboratory Simulation in Titan’s Atmospheric Chemistry (with W. R. Thompson et al.), Bulletin, American Astronomical Society 22 (3), 1990, 1085.
Cometary and Asteroidal Delivery of Prebiotic Organics vs. In Situ Production on the Early Earth (with Christopher Chyba), ibid., 1097.
Analysis of Solid Residue from Spark Discharges in Simulated Jovian Atmospheres (with G. D. McDonald et al.), ibid., 1036-1037.
Optical Constants of Solid Ethane from 0.4 to 2.5 J..lm (with B. N. K.hare), ibid., 1033.
Greenhouse Warming by Minor Gases on Early Earth and Mars (with M. N. Heinrich and W. R. Thompson), ibid., 1077-1078.
Optical Constants of Kerogen from 0.15 to 40 J..lm: Comparison with Meteoritic Organics (with B. N. Khare et al.), Lunar and Planetary Science XXI, Houston, 627-628.
Optical Constants of Murchison Organic Residue and Kerogens (with B. N. Khare et al.), Abstracts, 28.th Plenary Meeting, COSPAR, The Hague, 25 June- 6 July, 1990,
Cometary and Asteroid Impacts and the Introduction of Organic Molecules to the Early Earth (with P. J. Thomas et al.), ibid., 112.
Spectral and Compositional Properties of Cometary Dust Analogues: Residues from C2H6/H20 Ice Irradiation (with B. N. Khare et al.), ibid., 243.
Optical Constants of Solid Methane (with B. N. K.hare et al.), ibid., 244.
Numerical Models of Comet and Asteroid Impact on the Early Earth: Implications for the Delivery of Organic Molecules (with Paul Thomas et al.), EOS 11, 1429.
Photometric Properties and Classification of Small Jovian Cloud Units (with J. Moersch and W. R. Thompson), videotape available from Visualization Photometry Group, Cornell National Supercomputer Facility.

1991

Plasma Discharge in N2 and CH4 at Low Pressures: Experimental Results and Applications to Titan (with W. R. Thompson et al.), Icarus 90, 57-73.
CH/NH3/H20 Spark Tholin: Chemical Analysis and Interaction with Jovian Aqueous Clouds (with G. D. McDonald et al.), Icarus 94, 354-367.
Electrical Energy Sources for Organic Synthesis on the Early Earth (with C. F. Chyba), Origins of Life 21, 3-17.
Nuclear Winter: Physics and Physical Mechanisms (with R. P. Turco et al.), Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences 19, 383-422.
Kuwaiti Fires and Nuclear Winter, Science 254, 1434.
Terrestrial Accretion of Prebiotic Volatiles and Organic Molecules during the Heavy Bombardment (with C. F. Chyba et al.), in Bioastronomy, Proceedings, International Astronomical Union Symposium (Berlin: Springer-Verlag).
Computer Visualization in Spacecraft Exploration of the Solar System (with W. R. Thompson), Proceedings, International Conference on Computer Graphics, Scientific Visualization of Physical Phenomena, N. M. Patrikalakis, ed. (New York: Springer-Verlag), 37-44.
Optical Constants of Kerogen from 0.15 to 40.um: Comparison with Meteoritic Organics (with B. N. Khare et al.), in Origin and Evolution of Interplanetary Dust, A. C. Levasseur-Regourd and H. Hasegawa, eds. (Dordrecht: Kluver, 1991), 99-101.
Optical Constants of Basaltic Glass from 0.0173 to 50.um (with E. T. Arakawa et al.), in Origin and Evolution planetary Dust, A. C. Levasseur-Regourd and H. Hasegawa, eds. (Dordrecht: Kluver, 1991), 102-104.
Titan’s Condensates and Tholins: Surface Interactions (with W. R. Thompson), Bull. Arner. Astron. Soc. 23, 1186.
The Early Faint Sun “Paradox” Revisited: Massive Greenhouse Effects on Early Earth and Mars? (with C. Chyba), ibid., 1211-1212.
Laboratory Studies of Radiation Chemistry in the Jovian Atmosphere (with G. D. McDonald and W. R. Thompson), ibid., 1136.
Optical Properties ofTholin from H20/C2H5 (6:1) Ice, and Comparison with Titan Tho lin, Kerogen, and Meteoritic Organics (with B. N. Khare et al. ), ibid., 1186.
Gas-phase Organic Chemistry of Early Mars: Laboratory Yields and Implications (with M. Heinrich and W. R. Thompson), ibid., 1211.
Optical Constants of Poly-HCN and Astronomical Implications (with E. T. Arakawa et al. ), Abstracts, Third International Conference on Laboratory Research for Planetary Atmospheres, November 3, 1991, Palo Alto, CA; also Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 23, 1189.
Organic Synthesis in the Outer Solar System: Recent Laboratory Simulations for Titan, the Jovian Planets, Triton, and Comets (with W. R. Thompson et al.), in Fourth Symposium on Chemical Evolution and the Origin and Evolution of Life, R. A. Wharton et al., eds. (Washington, DC: NASA Conference Publication 3129, 1991), 40-41.
Terrestrial Production vs. Extraterrestrial Delivery of Prebiotic Organics to the Early Earth (with C. Chyba), ibid., 46.

1992

Endogenous Production, Exogenous Delivery, and Impact-Shock Synthesis of Organic Molecules: An Inventory for the Origins of Life (with C. Chyba), Nature 355, 125-132.
Titan: A Laboratory for Prebiological Organic Chemistry (with W. R. Thompson and B. N. Khare), Accounts of Chemical Research 25, 286-292.
Titan’s Organic Chemistry: Results of Simulation Experiments (with W. R. Thompson and B. N. Khare), in Proceedings: Symposium on Titan, European Space Agency Special Publication SP-338, 161-165.
Titan’s Organic Chemistry: Surface Interactions (with W. R. Thompson), in Proceedings: Symposium on Titan, European Space Agency Special Publication SP-338, 167-176.
Radiation Chemistry in the Jovian Stratosphere: Laboratory Simulations (with G. D. McDonald and W. R. Thompson), Icarus 99, 131-142.
Optical Properties of Poly-HCN for Astronomical Applications (with C. Meisse et al.), abstract in Proceedings, Tenth International Conference on Vacuum Ultraviolet Radiation Physics, July 27-31, 1992, Paris.
Dense Atmospheres on Early Mars and the Martian Cratering Record (with C. Chyba and J. Moore), Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 24, 975.
Impact-Mediated Chemical Evolution on Titan (with W. R. Thompson et al.), ibid., 956.
9. Chemical and Spectroscopic Analyses of Titan and Triton Tholins (with G. D. McDonald), ibid., 949.
Optical Constants from 0.19 to 2.5,u.m of Organic Residue from the Murchison Meteorite (with B. N. Khare et al.), ibid., 969-70; also, Program, Fourth International Conference on Laboratory Research for Planetary Atmospheres, Munich, Germany, October 10.:.11, 1992 (abstract).
Interdisciplinary Studies of Comparative Planetology, in Directory of Research Projects: Planetary Geology and Geophysics, NASA Technical Memorandum 4428, December 1992, 112.

1993

Project META: A Five-Year All-Sky Narrowband Radio Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (with Paul Horowitz), Astrophysical Journal415, 218-235.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Titan and Jupiter (with M. Winget al.), Astrophysical Journal414, 399-405.
A Search for Life on Earth from the Galileo Spacecraft (with W. R. Thompson et al.), Nature 365, 715-721.
Production and Optical Constants of Ice Tho lin from Charged Particle Irradiation of (1:6) C2HJH20 at 77K (with B. N. Khare et al.), Icarus 103, 290-300.
Planetary Engineering (with J. B. Pollack), in Resources of Near-Earth Space, J. Lewis, M. S. Matthews, and M. L. Guerrieri, eds. (Tucson: University of Arizona Press), 921-950. Excerpted in Terraforming: Engineering Planetary Environments, by Martyn J. Fogg (Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1995), 353-354, 441, 494-495.
The Early Faint Sun Paradox, the Origins of Life, and Atmospheric Self-Shielding (with C. Chyba), in Abstracts, 1993 Bioastronomy Symposium: Progress in the Search for Extraterrestrial Life (Santa Cruz, CA), August 16-20, 1993.
Organic Aerosols in the Atmosphere of Titan (with B. N. Khare et al.), Abstracts, Tenth International Conference on the Origin of Life, Barcelona, Spain, July 4-9, 1993.
The Organic Surface of 5145 Pholus: Constraints Set by Scattering Theory (with P. D. Wilson and W. R. Thompson), Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 25 (3), 1126.
Titan/Triton Tholins: Effects oflnitial N2:CH4 Ratio (with G. D. McDonald et al.), ibid., 1106.
The Titan Haze Revisited: Origin and Production Rates (with W. R. Thompson and G. D. McDonald), ibid., 1099.
Mechanism for the Gas-Phase Production of Titan Tholin and its Amino Acid Precursors (with W. R. Thompson), ibid., 1102.
Radiation Dose-Dependence of Titan Tholin (with B. N. Khare et al.), ibid., 1100.
Renaming the Big Bang: A Case Study of Popular Ideas on Cosmology (with R. T. Fienberg et al.), Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 25 (4), 1430.

1994

The Titan Haze Revisited: Magnetospheric Energy Sources and Quantitative Titan/Triton Tholin Yields (with W. R. Thompson and G. D. McDonald), Icarus 112, 376-381.
Chemical Investigation ofTitan and Triton Tholins (with G. D. McDonald et al.), Icarus 108, 137-145.
The Organic Surface of5145 Pholus: Constraints Set by Scattering Theory (with P. D. Wilson and W. R. Thompson), Icarus 107, 288-303.
Optical Properties of Poly-HCN and Their Astronomical Applications (with B. N. Khare et al.), Canad. , I. Chern. 72, 678-694.
Galileo Multispectral Imaging of the Moon: New Data on the North Polar Region and Eastern Limb (with M. J. S. Belton et al.), Science 264, 1112-1115.
Dangers of Asteroid Deflection (with S. J. Ostro), Nature 368, 501.
The Deflection Dilemma: Use vs. Misuse of Technologies for Avoiding Interplanetary Collision Hazards (with A. W. Harris, G. Canavan, and S. J. Ostro), in Hazards Due to Comets and Asteroids, T. Gehrels, ed. (Tucson: University of Arizona Press), 1994, 1145-1155.
A Possible Solution to the Titan Tidal Dilemma (with Stanley Dermott), Bull. Amer. Astron.Soc.26, 1183.
Spectrophotometry and Organic Matter on Iapetus: Composition Models (with Peter Wilson), ibid.,1160.
Optical Constants ofTriton Tholin: Preliminary Results (with B. N. Khare et al.), ibid. 1176-7.
Mars Cratering Record as a Probe of Ancient Pressure Variation (with W. K. Hartmann, et al.), ibid., 1116.
Planetary Engineering (abstract, with James B. Pollack), EOS: Transactions American Geophysical Union, November 1, 1994, 98-99.
1995
Tidal Effects of Disconnected Hydrocarbon Seas on Titan (with S. F. Dermott), Nature 374, 238-240 (cover article).
Spectrophotometry and Organic Matter on Iapetus. 1. Composition Models (with P. Wilson), I. Geophysical Research-Planets 100,7531-7537.
Galileo Multispectral Imaging ofEarth (with Paul Geissler, et al.), I. Geophysical Research-Planets, 100, 16,895-16,906.
Analytical Pyrolysis Experiments of Titan Aerosol Analogues in Preparation for the Cassini-Huygens Mission (with P. Ehrenfreund et al.), Advances in Space Research, U (3), 335-342.
NzfCH4 Aerosol Irradiation Products on Titan, Triton, Pholus, and the Early Earth (with W. R. Thompson et al.), Abstracts, Fifth Symposium on Chemical Evolution and the Origin and Evolution of Life, NASA.
Organic Shielding of UV-Labile Greenhouse Gases on Early Earth and Mars (with C. F. Chyba), in Abstracts, First International Conference on Circumstellar Habitable Zones (NASA Ames), 2.
Why Mars? Abstracts, Workshop on Mars Exobiology Science Strategy, in press.
Organic Matter in the Shoemaker-Levy 9 Jovian Impact Blemishes (with P. D. Wilson), Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 27 (3), 1121, 1995.
Lightning-Induced Chemistry on Jupiter (with B. N. Khare and G. D. McDonald), ibid. 1140, 1995.
Synthesis of Organic Macromolecules in the Jovian Atmosphere, ibid., 1141, 1995.

1996

Production and Chemical Analysis of Cometary Ice Tholin (with G. D. McDonald, et al.), Icarus, in press.
Spectrophotometry and Organic Matter on Iapetus. 2. Asymmetry Models (with P. Wilson), Icarus, in press.
Introduction, Circumstellar Habitable Zones, L. Doyle, ed., NASA Conference Proceedings, in press.
Kerogen and Carbonaceous Chondrite Organic Solids: Optical Constants (with B. N. Khare et al.), Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, submitted.
Scintillation-Induced Intermittency in SETI (with James M. Cordes and T. Joseph W. Lazio ), Astrophys. , I., submitted.
The Early Faint Sun “Paradox”: Organic Shielding of UV-Labile Greenhouse Gases (with C. Chyba), Science, to be submitted.
Organic Matter in the Shoemaker-Levy 9 Jovian Impact Blemishes (with Peter Wilson), Icarus, submitted.
On the Likelihood and Detectability of lnvolatile Organic Material on Europa (with G. D. McDonald and Maureen Bell), I. Geophys. Res.-Planets, to be submitted.
Comets as a Source of Prebiotic Organic Molecules on the Early Earth (with C. F. Chyba), in Comets and the Origins of Life, P. Thomas, C. McKay and C. Chyba, eds. (New York: Springer-Verlag), in press, 139-164.
Voyager 5J.lm Limb-Darkening on Jupiter: Heterogeneity and Deep Clouds (with W. I. Newman), Icarus, submitted.
Optical Constants of Organic Solids from the Irradiation of a Simulated Triton Atmosphere (with B. N. Khare et al.), in preparation.
Minor Constituents in Near-Neutral Oxidation State Atmospheres of Early Earth and Mars (with G. D. McDonald et al.), in preparation.
Visible and Near Infrared Refractive Indices of Condensed Methane and Ethane (with B. N. Khare et al.), Icarus, submitted.
On the Rarity of Long-Lived, Non-Spacefaring Galactic Civilizations (with S. J. Ostro), in preparation.
Detectivity of lmpact Early Warning Radar Systems of Extraterrestrial Civilizations (with Guillermo Lemarchand), in preparation.
Behavior of Windblown Sand on Mars: Results from Single Particle Experiments (with John Marshall), Lunar and Planetary Science, in press.
Organic Chemistry .in Plasma-irradiated Solar System Ice Analogues (with G. D. McDonald), Abstracts, COSP AR annual meeting, Birmingham, UK.

“The Evolution of Interstellar Flight” as envisioned by a kid in Brooklyn in the mid-1940s: Carl Sagan’s prophetic dream of the future exploration of the galaxy

– Ann Druyan, COSMOS: Possible Worlds

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